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{"id":1549,"date":"2017-03-07T17:38:24","date_gmt":"2017-03-07T15:38:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilem.org.tr\/blog\/?p=1549"},"modified":"2017-03-07T17:38:24","modified_gmt":"2017-03-07T15:38:24","slug":"islamin-tarih-sosyolojisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/islamin-tarih-sosyolojisi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mustafa Ayd\u0131n, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi, \u0130stanbul, P\u0131nar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 3. Bask\u0131, s.288<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sosyolojinin kurucular\u0131ndan say\u0131lan Durkheim\u2019e g\u00f6re din, toplumsal bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vahiyden alan dinler bulunur. Bu noktadan hareketle \u015fu soruya cevap aramak gerekir: Din sadece toplumla m\u0131 \u015fekillenir yoksa dinin \u015fekillenmesinde toplum \u00fcst\u00fc bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn etkisinden s\u00f6z edilebilir mi? \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi adl\u0131 kitab\u0131na ilk olarak bu soruyu yan\u0131tlayarak ba\u015flayan Mustafa Ayd\u0131n, \u00a0\u0130slam din sosyolojisini ahlaki- tarihi boyutta tart\u0131\u015farak Medine toplumunun in\u015fa edili\u015f s\u00fcreci ile d\u00f6rt halife d\u00f6nemini siyasi-toplumsal eksende inceleyerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumuyla \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u0130slam dininin fonksiyonlar\u0131ndan, nas- \u00fcmmet, fert- cemaat ili\u015fkisinden bahseden Ayd\u0131n, sonraki k\u0131s\u0131mlarda ideal toplum olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Medine\u2019nin siyasi sosyal ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin ele\u015ftirisi e\u015fli\u011finde tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7ar. Son olarak \u0130slam toplumunda tabakala\u015fma, farkl\u0131la\u015fma ve b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmenin ne anlama geldi\u011finden s\u00f6z eder.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle, \u00a0\u0130slam vahye dayal\u0131 bir din olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u0130slam d\u00fcnya ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kuran bir dindir. \u0130slam dini, bu d\u00fczen ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc be\u015feri alanda da g\u00f6sterir, di\u011fer dinlerin ayin ve t\u00f6ren fig\u00fcrlerinin \u00fczerinde, ger\u00e7ek bir perspektif i\u00e7inde fert ve toplum hayat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere belirleyici bir g\u00f6rev yapar (s.33). Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle \u0130slam, be\u015feri ve din alan\u0131 olarak ya\u015fam\u0131 ikiye b\u00f6lmez, fert ve topluma sorumluluklar y\u00fckler.<\/p>\n

Yazar, toplumu nas kavram\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirirken \u00fcmmet kavram\u0131n\u0131 nas\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131nda yer alan birlikler olarak ifade eder. Yazar \u00fcmmet kavram\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 millet kavram\u0131ndan daha geni\u015f bir anlama sahip oldu\u011funu belirtir. Halbuki Kur\u2019an millet kelimesini \u00f6ncelikle inan\u00e7 birli\u011fi olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cMillet-i \u0130brahim\u201d bu anlamdad\u0131r; hatta a\u00e7\u0131k olarak din anlam\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir (s.40). \u00dcmmet ise etnik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklere sahip olan gruplar i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilir. \u00dcmmet kavram\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ki \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcrle\u015fme ve sosyalle\u015fmeye a\u00e7\u0131k bir dindir. Hatta fert, cemaatten ayr\u0131 sorumluluklara ve haklara sahip bir stat\u00fcy\u00fc anlat\u0131r. Yazar, ferdin stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fu ayetle vurgular: \u201cHi\u00e7bir g\u00fcnahkar ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcnah\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmez. E\u011fer y\u00fck\u00fc a\u011f\u0131r gelen kimse onu ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rsa, onun y\u00fck\u00fcnden hi\u00e7bir \u015fey ta\u015f\u0131nmaz. Akrabas\u0131 olsa bile (s.91).\u201d Hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz fert cemaatten ayr\u0131 sorumluluklar\u0131 olan bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam dininin do\u011fu\u015fuyla toplumun bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir ki\u015fili\u011fe kavu\u015ftu\u011funu vurgulayan Ayd\u0131n, \u0130slam dininin do\u011fu\u015fuyla cahiliye k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tamamen terk edilmedi\u011fini, \u0130slam dinine uygun olan\u00a0 pratiklerin devam ettirildi\u011fini belirtir. B\u00f6ylece \u0130slam dininden \u00f6nceki tarihsel gelenek, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f yok edilmemektedir. Bu noktadan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ki \u0130slam dini bir onar\u0131m vazifesine sahiptir. \u201c\u0130slam \u00f6ncesi Arap toplumunda k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yoktu.\u201d diyen Ayd\u0131n, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck getirdi\u011fi kan\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam ekonomik, sosyal, toplumsal bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131 kapsayan bir dindir. Ayd\u0131n\u2019a g\u00f6re \u0130slam dininin kapsay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi tarihi \u015fartlardan kaynakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Belirli ahlaki ilkelerle sosyal-ahlaki toplumsal d\u00fczeni meydana getirmi\u015ftir. Bu varsay\u0131mdan hareketle Ayd\u0131n\u2019\u0131n ahlaki ilkeleri tarihi boyutun \u00f6n\u00fcnde tuttu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ahlak\u0131 tarihten ayr\u0131 ya da ahlak\u0131 tarihin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yer almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak yerine Kur\u2019an iki boyutu i\u00e7 i\u00e7e verir. Bilhassa Kur\u2019an\u2019daki k\u0131ssalarda ahlak ve tarih boyutunun i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca siyasi uygulamalarda Peygamber efendimiz herhangi bir y\u00f6netim \u015feklinden ziyade \u0130slam ahlak ilkeleriyle \u0130slam devletini in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u201cSosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli sorunlardan birisi \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u0130slam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile fethedilen \u00fclkelerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri aras\u0131ndaki adaptasyon (sentezleme) idi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n evrensel boyutlu ilkeleri belli s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00fczeylerle alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131. Yani tarihi bir boyut g\u00fcndeme gelecektir.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0 diyen yazara g\u00f6re tarihi boyut ahlaki boyuttan sonra gelir. Nitekim Kur\u2019an ahlak, tarih\u00a0 ve benzeri bir\u00e7ok konuda ayetler i\u00e7erir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Kur\u2019an b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir perspektife sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Yazar ahlaki boyutu toplum \u00fcst\u00fc; do\u011faya, akla indirgenemeyen, vahyedilmi\u015f olan olarak\u00a0 tan\u0131mlarken tarihi boyutu de\u011fi\u015fken bir d\u00fcnya olarak ifade eder. Di\u011fer taraftan dini ahlaki boyutu de\u011fi\u015fmeyen bir de\u011fer alan\u0131 olarak kabul eder. Bu tan\u0131mdan hareketle yazar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ahlaki boyut yerine dini ahlaki boyut y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ele almal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yazar\u0131n ahlaki boyut tan\u0131m\u0131ndan kast\u0131 vahiy ile kesin kabul edilmi\u015f normlar iken, dini ahlaki boyut tan\u0131m\u0131nda ise hem din hem toplum taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fmeyen ortak yarg\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eder. Bu ba\u011flamda Ayd\u0131n\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u0130slam toplumunun \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen geli\u015fmelerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te dinin ve toplumun ortak bir de\u011fer alan\u0131 in\u015fa etti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu sebeple yazar eserini dini-ahlaki boyut y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ele almal\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca yazar,\u00a0 sayfa 250\u2019de salt-ahlaki olan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek ba\u015ftan beri ahlaki boyut \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z konuya var\u0131r. Bu sebeple okuyucu i\u00e7in ahlaki, ahlaki boyut, dini ahlaki boyut, salt ahlaki kavramlar\u0131 \u00fczerine daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalara yer vermesi \u00f6nerilir. Zira okuyucu i\u00e7in bir karma\u015fa yaratabilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n d\u00fczenleyip geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir soyutlanm\u0131\u015f ilkeler birli\u011fi de\u011fildir. Onun bir taraftan tevhid inanc\u0131yla, di\u011fer taraftan kozmik alem ve \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki hayat akidesiyle s\u0131k\u0131 bir ili\u015fkisi vard\u0131r. Birincisi onun kayna\u011f\u0131, ikincisi yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r (s.169). \u201cEsasen \u0130slam\u2019da Allah inanc\u0131 metafizik de\u011fil, ahlaki niteliklidir, onun s\u0131fatlar\u0131 \u00a0iyilik ve adaleti i\u015faretlemektedir\u201d derken yazar inanc\u0131 sadece ahlaki nitelikle k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tekrar vurgulamak gerekirse; Medine toplumu fert-cemiyet ili\u015fkisini kuran bir ideal toplum olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi pratikler ile \u201c\u0130slam devleti\u201dni kurmu\u015ftur. Kurulan \u0130slam devletinde yazar ferdin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 stat\u00fcy\u00fc vatanda\u015fl\u0131kla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ancak vatanda\u015fl\u0131k birey, toplum ve devlet aras\u0131nda bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme sonucu kazan\u0131l\u0131rken, karde\u015flik ise ferd, cemiyet ve Allah(c.c) aras\u0131ndaki bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. Nitekim yazar karde\u015fli\u011fe de vurgu yapar fakat ferdin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan ziyade \u201ckarde\u015f\u201d ya da \u201ckul\u201d \u00a0stat\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Yazar\u0131n bu noktay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u0130slam toplumunda tabakala\u015fma var m\u0131d\u0131r, yok mudur tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na giren yazar, takvadaki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fczerinden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda fark\u0131n var oldu\u011fu kanaatindedir. Di\u011fer taraftan gayrim\u00fcslimler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130slam toplumunda tabakala\u015fma incelendi\u011finde herhangi bir \u00a0ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, vergiler konusunda ayr\u0131\u015fma oldu\u011funu belirtir. Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin mahkemelere, okullara sahip oldu\u011funa; ayr\u0131ca yazar Hz. Muhammed (s.a.v.)\u00a0 ve d\u00f6rt halife d\u00f6neminde gayrim\u00fcslimlerin bizzat ziyaret edildi\u011fine ve problemleriyle ilgilenildi\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eker. Yazar, Weber\u2019in \u201c\u0130slam toplumu ba\u015ftan bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olu\u015fturarak yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya g\u00f6re \u015fekillendi\u011fi\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc reddeder. Nitekim \u0130slam\u2019da \u015furan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmez bir ilke olarak kabul edilmesi Weber\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fura kamuoyunun, \u00fcmmetin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam toplumunda de\u011fi\u015fmenin sorun olmas\u0131n\u0131 yazar tarihi boyutun mutlakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. \u015eii ve S\u00fcnni ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tarihi boyutun mutlakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6rnek verebiliriz. Esasen yazar \u015eii S\u00fcnni ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015fma kategorisinde de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. De\u011fi\u015fme ve farkl\u0131la\u015fma ya\u015fayan toplum i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme gereklidir. Yazar en ideal b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmenin \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcrel b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme\u201d ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fini belirtir ve bu ancak \u0130slam\u2019la m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Yazar on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki sufili\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla sufilik ve\u00a0 \u015fer\u2019i anlay\u0131\u015f aras\u0131nda kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu \u201csufilerin \u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile uleman\u0131n \u015fekilcili\u011fi aras\u0131nda sars\u0131lan tevhid\u201d diyerek adland\u0131r\u0131r. Bununla beraber bu adland\u0131rma g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 \u00f6zetler. Dini hareketlerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde artmas\u0131 ve bu hareketlerin yol ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131, di\u011fer taraftan bireyin bir harekete tabii olma iste\u011finin XXI.y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir problem olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131na var\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Son olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl ve ele\u015ftirel perspektiften bakarsak\u00a0 eseri ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 konular bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130slam Tarih Sosyolojisi alan\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fcn giri\u015f kitab\u0131 kabul edilebilir. Kitapta bas\u0131m hatalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi \u00f6nerilir. Zira sayfa 256\u2019da dile getirilen \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorun\u201d on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ek olarak yazar din ve ahlak aras\u0131ndaki bir ayr\u0131m\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha detayl\u0131 anlatmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir. Kavramlar\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7irerek anlatmas\u0131 okuyucuda kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep olabilir. Ayr\u0131ca yazar\u0131n geni\u015f bir tarih \u00e7er\u00e7evesiyle anlatmas\u0131 ve bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00fczerinden tabakala\u015fma, k\u00fclt\u00fcrle\u015fme problemlerine de\u011finmesi kitab\u0131 farkl\u0131 k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mustafa Ayd\u0131n, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi, \u0130stanbul, P\u0131nar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 3. Bask\u0131, s.288 Sosyolojinin kurucular\u0131ndan say\u0131lan Durkheim\u2019e g\u00f6re din, toplumsal bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vahiyden alan dinler bulunur. Bu noktadan hareketle \u015fu soruya cevap aramak gerekir: Din sadece toplumla m\u0131 \u015fekillenir yoksa dinin \u015fekillenmesinde toplum \u00fcst\u00fc bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn etkisinden s\u00f6z edilebilir mi? \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi adl\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1552,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[25],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi - \u0130LEM Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/islamin-tarih-sosyolojisi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi - \u0130LEM Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mustafa Ayd\u0131n, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Tarih Sosyolojisi, \u0130stanbul, P\u0131nar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 3. Bask\u0131, s.288 Sosyolojinin kurucular\u0131ndan say\u0131lan Durkheim\u2019e g\u00f6re din, toplumsal bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vahiyden alan dinler bulunur. 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