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{"id":2296,"date":"2019-01-10T16:33:32","date_gmt":"2019-01-10T13:33:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/?p=2296"},"modified":"2021-10-07T16:02:52","modified_gmt":"2021-10-07T13:02:52","slug":"felsefece-dusunmenin-yollari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/felsefece-dusunmenin-yollari\/","title":{"rendered":"Felsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jozef Maria Bochenski, Felsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131, Pharmakon Yay\u0131nevi, 2016,<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ankara, 114 s.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jozef Maria Bochenski taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan Felsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131, felsefenin temel konular\u0131n\u0131 sade bir dille ve giri\u015f seviyesinde ele alan ve genel okuyucu kitlesine hitap eden bir eserdir. Bu yaz\u0131da yazar k\u0131saca tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra kitab\u0131n genel bir portresi \u00e7izilerek eser de\u011ferlendirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Polonyal\u0131 akademisyen, filozof ve yazar Jozef Maria Bochenski (d.1902\/\u00f6.1995) Polonya\u2019da hukuk ve iktisat b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini bitirdikten sonra e\u011fitimine \u0130svi\u00e7re Fribourg \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fcniversitelerde uzun y\u0131llar felsefe ve mant\u0131k profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yapan Bochenski, mant\u0131k ve felsefenin dini alanda kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Polonya ordusunda papaz olarak g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde de kom\u00fcnist ideolojiyle m\u00fccadelede \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eser, yazar\u0131n 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bavyera Radyosu\u2019nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dizi radyo konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n metin haline getirilmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 114 sayfa olan eser, ilk kez 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cWege zum philosophischen Denken Einf\u00fchrung in die Grundbegriffe\u201d ad\u0131yla Almanca olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve dilimize Kurtulu\u015f Din\u00e7er\u2019in \u00e7evirisiyle kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk bas\u0131m\u0131 Ark Yay\u0131nevi taraf\u0131ndan 1994\u2019te yap\u0131lan kitab\u0131n 8. ve mevcut son bask\u0131s\u0131 2016 senesinde Pharmakon Yay\u0131nevi\u2019nden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitap yaln\u0131zca felsefe alan\u0131 uzmanlar\u0131na de\u011fil genel okuyucu kitlesine hitap etmektedir. Eserin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde yazar, amac\u0131n\u0131 \u201cfelsefe konusunda tamamen haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z olan okuyucuya, kimi sorunlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla felsefenin ne oldu\u011funu ve nesnelerine nas\u0131l yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak\u201d \u015feklinde ifade eder. Bunu ise de\u011finilen her bir ba\u015fl\u0131ktaki temel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 k\u0131yaslayarak ve sonunda da kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klayarak yapar; zira yazara g\u00f6re felsefi sorunlar\u0131n nesnel bir betimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Mesela De\u011fer ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Goethe\u2019nin kuram ile ya\u015fam\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya koymas\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131ktan sonra bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u015fahsi mant\u0131ksal gerek\u00e7elendirmelere dayanarak reddetmektedir. B\u00f6ylece yazar, kar\u015f\u0131t ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla u\u00e7larda g\u00f6r\u00fcnen yakla\u015f\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda mutedil alternatif yollar bulunabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stererek okuyucuya adeta \u201cfelsefece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131\u201d sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitap, felsefenin temel kavramlar\u0131ndan m\u00fcte\u015fekkil on ayr\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fmakta ve her bir ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda bu kavramlar giri\u015f seviyesinde anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131klar s\u0131ras\u0131yla Yasa, Felsefe, Bilgi, Do\u011fruluk, D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, De\u011fer, \u0130nsan, Varl\u0131k, Toplum ve Mutlak\u2019 \u015feklindedir. Bochenski, s\u00f6z konusu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 se\u00e7erek asl\u0131nda dolayl\u0131 yoldan ontoloji, epistemoloji, aksiyoloji, teoloji gibi felsefenin alt dallar\u0131na da de\u011finmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131da eserin muhtevas\u0131n\u0131n daha yak\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde de\u011finilen belli ba\u015fl\u0131 meselelere de\u011finilerek kitap hakk\u0131nda genel bir bilgi sunulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yasa adl\u0131 ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, s\u00f6z konusu kavram hukuki anlam\u0131ndan ziyade do\u011fa yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden bilimsel bir anlamda ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsano\u011flunun do\u011fa \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn bu yasalar\u0131 ke\u015ffetmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen yazar, yasa denilen \u015feyin zorunlu olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle di\u011fer t\u00fcm var olanlardan ayr\u0131 tutuldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir. Yasan\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu konusunda \u00fc\u00e7 temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f sayar ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin her birini tek tek ele alarak eksik ve zay\u0131f yanlar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bochenski yasa b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cBu, felsefenin \u00f6ncesiz ve sonras\u0131z bir sorunudur, belki de bu kadar \u00e7ok yasa bilen ve kendileri i\u00e7in yasalar\u0131n pek \u00f6nemli hale gelmi\u015f oldu\u011fu biz \u00e7a\u011fc\u0131llar i\u00e7in, herhangi bir ba\u015fka \u00e7a\u011f i\u00e7in oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli bir sorun.\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle veciz bir \u015fekilde bitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Felsefe b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde genel olarak felsefenin insan i\u00e7in hayat\u00eeli\u011fine vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yazara g\u00f6re, hepimiz, bilin\u00e7li ya da bilin\u00e7siz olarak bir \u015fekilde felsefe yapar\u0131z ve yapmam\u0131z da gerekmektedir. Felsefenin \u00f6nemine de\u011findikten sonra yazar felsefenin alan\u0131na dair farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6zetlemi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere de\u011findikten sonra yazar: \u201cFelsefe belirli anlamda bir evrensel bilimdir, alan\u0131 \u00f6teki disiplinler gibi dar, belirlenmi\u015f bir \u015feyle s\u0131n\u0131rlanamaz.\u201d \u0130fadesi ile konu hakk\u0131ndaki kendi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. Bochenski\u2019ye g\u00f6re felsefe, bilimlerin bilgi olarak vaz ettikleri \u015feyleri daha derinden sorgulamaya devam etmesinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bir \u201ck\u00f6k bilimi\u201d olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131labilir. B\u00f6ylece felsefenin \u00e7er\u00e7evesini az \u00e7ok ortaya koyan yazar, felsefenin zorlu\u011funa ve bununla beraber \u00e7ekicili\u011fine at\u0131fta bulunarak b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tamamlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bochenski Bilgi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne Gorgias\u2019\u0131n \u201cHi\u00e7bir \u015fey yoktur, olsayd\u0131 bile bilemezdik, bilebilseydik bile bunu ba\u015fkalar\u0131na aktaramazd\u0131k.\u201d \u015feklindeki \u00f6nermesiyle ba\u015flar ve okuyucuyu bilginin imk\u00e2n\u0131 \u00fczerine bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yolculu\u011funa davet eder. Bu ba\u011flamda Descartes ve \u015f\u00fcphecilik \u00fczerine de m\u00fclahazalarda bulunan yazar daha sonra hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin bilinemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemenin bile bir yarg\u0131da bulunmak olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu \u00f6nermenin kendisini yanl\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ederek Gorgias\u2019a kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Ara s\u0131ra yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmaktan bunun hep b\u00f6yle oldu\u011funun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen yazar bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde makul g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Bununla beraber Bochenski, Gorgias\u2019\u0131n filozoflar\u0131n i\u00e7ine ekti\u011fi ku\u015fku tohumunun \u00e7ok m\u00fchim oldu\u011funu ve abart\u0131ya ka\u00e7madan \u015f\u00fcphe etmenin felsefe i\u00e7in do\u011fru bir tutum oldu\u011funu da ekleyerek Bilgi fasl\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fruluk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcme \u00e7ok yak\u0131n konular ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011frulu\u011fun t\u00fcrlerinden, g\u00f6relili\u011finden ve bu konudaki iki temel yakla\u015f\u0131m olan idealist yorum ile ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i yorumdan s\u00f6z edilmi\u015ftir. Bilgimizin mi nesneleri yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoksa nesnelerin mi bilgilerimizi \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi sorunsal\u0131 etraf\u0131nda dola\u015fan yazar bu konuda orta yolcu bir tutum benimsenmemesi gerekti\u011fini savunur. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yazar i\u00e7in kitab\u0131n neredeyse di\u011fer t\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k-orta yolculuk do\u011fruluk kavram\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Bochenski okuyucular\u0131 adeta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye davet etmektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi tasar\u0131lar\u0131n ve kavramlar\u0131n devinimi olarak tan\u0131mlayan yazar, geli\u015fig\u00fczel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ile bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yapar. Bochenski, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin bir tak\u0131m y\u00f6ntemleri oldu\u011funu ve amac\u0131n\u0131n da bilmek oldu\u011funu ifade eder. Mesela do\u011fa bilimlerinde s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerden biri verilenlerden verilmeyene ula\u015ft\u0131ran \u00e7\u0131karsama y\u00f6ntemidir. Yine de yazara g\u00f6re hangi metodu kullan\u0131rsa kullans\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bilimsel bilgiler kesin de\u011fil olas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son olarak yazar, bilimin insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 olmayan (atom bombas\u0131 gibi) icatlarda da bulunabilece\u011fini buna kar\u015f\u0131n felsefenin kesin yarg\u0131lara mesafeli olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bilimin tehlikelerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir fren g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dikkat \u00e7eker. Ona g\u00f6re \u201cFelsefenin en \u00f6nemli i\u015flevlerinden biri, ululamaya ve sa\u00e7malamaya kar\u015f\u0131 ciddi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savunmaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yazar, De\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne Goethe\u2019nin \u201cHer kuram boz renklidir.\u201d \u015feklindeki veciz ifadesiyle ba\u015flar. Goethe bu s\u00f6zle salt kurama odaklananlar\u0131 ele\u015ftirmektedir. \u00d6yle ki Bochenski\u2019nin de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere insan ya\u015fam sahnesinde hem seyirci hem de oyuncudur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insan \u015feyleri de\u011ferlendiren bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Yazar, de\u011ferlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, g\u00f6reli ve verili oldu\u011fu konusunu \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnekle anlat\u0131r. De\u011ferlerin ahlaki, estetik ve dini olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6be\u011fi bulundu\u011funu ifade eden Bochenski, de\u011fer konusundaki pozitivist ve idealist yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ele al\u0131r. Yazar burada de\u011fer ile de\u011ferlendirme kavramlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yaparak pozitivistleri ele\u015ftirir. Ona g\u00f6re pozitivistler kendi g\u00f6reli de\u011ferlendirmelerini de\u011fermi\u015f gibi sunmaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130dealistler ise de\u011ferlerin sabit oldu\u011funu, de\u011ferlendirmelerin de\u011fi\u015fken oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek daha makul bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu m\u00fclahazalardan sonra Bochenski s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle noktalar: \u201c\u015eimdi, yaln\u0131zca anlamak isteyen kuramsal felsefe ile ne yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freten k\u0131lg\u0131n (pratik) felsefe aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131ra yana\u015ft\u0131k.\u201d<\/p>\n

Felsefenin en geni\u015f konular\u0131ndan biri olan Varl\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Bochenski, \u00e7ok say\u0131da filozofun bir ontoloji biliminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reddetti\u011fini belirtir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6zlerine okuyucuyu ilk olarak ontolojinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yoklu\u011fu \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye sevk ederek ba\u015flar. Varl\u0131k ile var olan kelimeleri aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yaparak var olan\u0131 tercih etti\u011fini belirtir. Varl\u0131k kategorilerinden de s\u00f6z ettikten sonra bu kez hi\u00e7lik problemini ele al\u0131r. Sonras\u0131nda t\u00f6z, nitelik ve ili\u015fki gibi kavramlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. Nihayet ontoloji biliminin zorlu\u011funa ve bununla beraber ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bi\u00e7imlendirici \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir etkisi oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ederek bahsi kapat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toplum b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise yazar devlet, siyaset, hukuk gibi toplumsal meselelerden ve birey-toplum ili\u015fkisinden bahseder. Felsefenin toplumla ili\u015fkisini ise etik kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden kurar. \u00d6rne\u011fin siyaset devletin iktidar\u0131n\u0131 hedefler; felsefe ise bu hedefin eti\u011fini, me\u015fruiyet kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve do\u011frulu\u011funu sorgular. Felsefenin bu alandaki bir di\u011fer konusu da bireyin mi toplum i\u00e7in var oldu\u011fu yahut toplumun mu birey i\u00e7in var oldu\u011fu sorunsal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm sonunda Bochenski birey ve toplumun e\u015fde\u011ferli ve birbirini tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte oldu\u011fu kanaatini ifade ederek s\u00f6zlerini bitirir.<\/p>\n

Son b\u00f6l\u00fcm olan Mutlak b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde sonsuzluk, tanr\u0131 gibi hususlar ele al\u0131n\u0131r ve filozoflar\u0131n metafiziksel tanr\u0131s\u0131 ile dinin kutsal tanr\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki sorgulan\u0131r. Bochenski\u2019ye g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131\u2019ya giden iki yol vard\u0131r: din ve felsefe. Bunlar\u0131n fark\u0131; din Tanr\u0131\u2019ya en ba\u015fta inan\u00e7 yoluyla ula\u015f\u0131rken, felsefe Tanr\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131ndan sonra ancak Tanr\u0131 fikrine \u2013o da bazen- varmaktad\u0131r. Yazar, tarih boyunca as\u0131l tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/yoklu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ziyade onun mahiyeti \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtir. Yazar, \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn Tanr\u0131y\u0131 bir yarat\u0131\u011fa benzeten insanbi\u00e7imcili\u011fin anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bir o kadar sa\u00e7ma olan Tanr\u0131n\u0131n mutlak bilinemezli\u011finin anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda hep bir orta yol arad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. B\u00f6ylece eser Tanr\u0131 \u00fczerine ilgi \u00e7ekici m\u00fclahazalarla birlikte son bulur.<\/p>\n

Buraya kadar k\u0131saca i\u00e7eriklerine de\u011findi\u011fimiz t\u00fcm konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ve i\u00e7erikleri bizzat insan\u0131n problemleri ve sorgulamalar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, kitaptaki \u0130nsan ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca ele alarak daha derinden irdelemek faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Tarih boyunca filozoflar\u0131n hatta t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n en asli sorular\u0131ndan biri \u201c\u0130nsan nedir?\u201d olmu\u015ftur. Zira bu soruya verilecek her cevap insan\u0131n ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131na dair bir\u00e7ok cevab\u0131 da beraberinde getirecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yazar, s\u00f6zlerine bu soru ile ba\u015flar. Evvela insan\u0131n hayvani\/biyolojik y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ele al\u0131r. Bochenski, donan\u0131mlar\u0131 ve bir tak\u0131m ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan insan\u0131 bir hayvan olarak ele al\u0131r ancak yazara g\u00f6re insan dikkate de\u011fer bir hayvand\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan di\u011fer hayvanlardan bedence daha zay\u0131f ve korunaks\u0131z olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnya ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lar \u00fczerinde muazzam ve kimi zaman da haks\u0131z bir tahakk\u00fcm kurabilmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsano\u011flu bunu, di\u011fer canl\u0131larda daha zay\u0131f olan bir \u015feyle yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: zek\u00e2.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n en kuvvetli silah\u0131 zek\u00e2s\u0131d\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak insan\u0131 di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerden ay\u0131ran bir dizi \u00f6zellik say\u0131labilir: teknik, gelenek, geli\u015fme, \u00f6b\u00fcr hayvanlardan \u00e7ok ba\u015fka d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yetene\u011fi ve kendine d\u00f6n\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilme. Bu son \u00f6zellik insan\u0131n \u00e7ok m\u00fchim bir vasf\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan bu sayede soyutlamalar yapabilmekte, gelece\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fck tasar\u0131larda bulunabilmekte ve tikel olaylardan genel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar yapabilmektedir. Yaln\u0131zca insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 sorgular, dini inan\u00e7lar besler ve \u00f6lece\u011finin bilincindedir. \u0130\u015fte felsefi insan biliminin temel sorusu, insan\u0131n hayvani y\u00f6n\u00fc olan bedeni ile tinsel y\u00f6n\u00fc olan ruhunun nas\u0131l bir arada bulunabildi\u011fi sorusudur. Yazar, bu soruya verilen farkl\u0131 yan\u0131tlara de\u011finir. \u0130lk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, insan\u0131n tamamen bedenden ibaret oldu\u011funu savunan kat\u0131 maddeci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f insan\u0131n hem bedene hem de ruha sahip olan b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011funu savunur. Son g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise insan\u0131n tamamen ruh oldu\u011funu ve bedenin yaln\u0131zca bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc oldu\u011funu iddia eder.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n ruhsal y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn ancak sonsuzlukla doyabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Bochenski bunun ancak bu ya\u015fam\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir yerlerde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini belirtir. \u00d6yle ki bir zamanlar Platon bunun ancak Tanr\u0131dan gelen bir vahiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Bochenski insan bahsini \u015fu veciz s\u00f6zlerle kapat\u0131r: \u201cNe ki bu art\u0131k felsefe de\u011fil, dindir. Felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka alanda oldu\u011fu gibi, soruyu burada keser. \u0130nsan\u0131n susarak, art\u0131k ayd\u0131nlanmayan karanl\u0131\u011fa bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131ra dek k\u0131lavuzluk eder bize.\u201d<\/p>\n

Felsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131, \u00fcslubu, i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve metoduyla bizlere filozoflar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131na daha yak\u0131ndan bakma f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Kuru metinsel bir anlat\u0131m yerine s\u0131cak bir sohbet tad\u0131ndaki \u00fcslubu, okuyucuya felsefeyi sevdirmekte, yazar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmeleri ise felsefe yapmaya de\u011fil \u00fcretilmi\u015f felsefelerin tarihini okumaya al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bizler i\u00e7in sa\u011flam bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmektedir. Yazar\u0131n, bir filozofa yara\u015f\u0131r \u015fekilde \u015fahsi kanaatlerini mutlak kanaatmi\u015f gibi sunmaktan uzak duru\u015fu takdire \u015fayand\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan yazar\u0131n Bilgi-Do\u011fruluk, Felsefe-D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme gibi birbiriyle \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili konular i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar a\u00e7mas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnselli\u011fi az da olsa zedelemi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Yine de se\u00e7ilen konular\u0131n hayat\u00eeli\u011fi, konulara verilen anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r \u00f6rnekler ve bir radyo program\u0131ndan uyarlanman\u0131n verdi\u011fi do\u011fall\u0131k bizlere s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen p\u00fcr\u00fczleri fark ettirmeyecek \u015fekilde bir okuma zevki vaat etmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jozef Maria Bochenski taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan Felsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131, felsefenin temel konular\u0131n\u0131 sade bir dille ve giri\u015f seviyesinde ele alan ve genel okuyucu kitlesine hitap eden bir eserdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2299,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[25],"tags":[187,449],"yoast_head":"\nFelsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131 - \u0130LEM Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/felsefece-dusunmenin-yollari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Felsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131 - \u0130LEM Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jozef Maria Bochenski taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan Felsefece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Yollar\u0131, felsefenin temel konular\u0131n\u0131 sade bir dille ve giri\u015f seviyesinde ele alan ve genel okuyucu kitlesine hitap eden bir eserdir.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/felsefece-dusunmenin-yollari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0130LEM Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-10T13:33:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-10-07T13:02:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/felsefece-dusunmek-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"526\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"ILEM Blog\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\\u0130LEM Blog\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/\",\"sameAs\":[],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/ilem-blog-logo-mobile-retina.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/ilem-blog-logo-mobile-retina.png\",\"width\":280,\"height\":122,\"caption\":\"\\u0130LEM Blog\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/#website\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0130LEM BLOG\",\"description\":\"\\u0130lmi Et\\u00fcdler Derne\\u011fi (\\u0130LEM)\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/felsefece-dusunmenin-yollari\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/felsefece-dusunmek-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/felsefece-dusunmek-1.jpg\",\"width\":800,\"height\":526},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/felsefece-dusunmenin-yollari\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/felsefece-dusunmenin-yollari\/\",\"name\":\"Felsefece D\\u00fc\\u015f\\u00fcnmenin Yollar\\u0131 - 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