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{"id":3878,"date":"2021-02-18T12:57:06","date_gmt":"2021-02-18T09:57:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/?p=3878"},"modified":"2021-07-10T19:05:34","modified_gmt":"2021-07-10T16:05:34","slug":"cagdas-turk-dusuncesinin-temel-meseleleri-donemlendirme-ve-tasnif","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/cagdas-turk-dusuncesinin-temel-meseleleri-donemlendirme-ve-tasnif\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Temel Meseleleri, D\u00f6nemlendirme ve Tasnif"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Konu\u015fmac\u0131: L\u00fctfi Sunar<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moderat\u00f6r: Mahmut Hakk\u0131 Ak\u0131n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26 Ocak 2021 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130LEM TV\u2019nin YouTube kanal\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen canl\u0131 yay\u0131nda, Medeniyet \u00dcniversitesi Sosyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hocalar\u0131ndan Prof. Dr. Mahmut Hakk\u0131 Ak\u0131n moderat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Do\u00e7. Dr. L\u00fctfi Sunar konuk edildi. \u201cT\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00dczerine Konu\u015fmalar\u201d seminer dizisinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcnde konu\u015fan Sunar\u2019a, edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve d\u00f6rt cilt halinde yay\u0131nlanan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman D\u00fcnyada \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce <\/em>derlemesinin \u201cT\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u201d cildinde yer verdi\u011fi \u201cGiri\u015f\u201d metni \u00fczere duruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moderat\u00f6r Ak\u0131n, bu metinde Sunar\u2019\u0131n ilk olarak T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi ile ilgili bir de\u011ferlendirme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin d\u00f6nemlendirilmesiyle alakal\u0131 bir alternatif ortaya koydu\u011funu ve T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin sorun alanlar\u0131n\u0131n neler oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren \u00f6nceki birikimi de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutan geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sundu\u011funu ifade etti. Metnin bu ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, konu\u015fman\u0131n seyrinde belirleyici oldu. Bu minvalde ilk olarak \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u201d meselesi, ikinci olarak \u201cd\u00f6nemlendirme\u201d ve \u201ctasnif\u201d, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son olarak ise T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde \u201csorun alanlar\u0131\u201d meselesi g\u00fcndeme getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Moderat\u00f6r Ak\u0131n, Sunar\u2019a ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin ne demek oldu\u011fu, yani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin sosyolojisinin nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131\u201d sorusunu y\u00f6neltti. Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin tarihini ve geli\u015fimini nas\u0131l ele almal\u0131y\u0131z sorular\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok yakla\u015f\u0131m ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan en \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan ikisi \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi yaz\u0131m\u0131 perspektifi\u201d ile \u201centelekt\u00fcel tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 perspektifidir.\u201d D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi yaz\u0131m\u0131 perspektifinin, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi daha \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler ekseninde, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir olu\u015fum ve geli\u015fim seyri i\u00e7inde ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131; entelekt\u00fcel tarih perspektifinin ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi bir sosyal ba\u011flam i\u00e7erisinde ve bir arka planla birlikte ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanarak, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de daha \u00e7ok birinci yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6n planda oldu\u011fu ifade edildi. Sunar, s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen d\u00f6rt ciltlik kitapta kendilerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak entelekt\u00fcel T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi perspektifini benimsediklerine dikkat \u00e7ekti. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, i\u00e7inde olu\u015ftu\u011fu ba\u011flam ve i\u00e7erisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi, sosyal, iktisadi ve tarihi olaylar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele alma gayretiyle haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, arka plan\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmayan, ba\u011flam\u0131 ve zemini olan bir \u015feydir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi d\u00f6nemselle\u015ftirmek, farkl\u0131 mesele ve olu\u015fumlar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n izlerini s\u00fcrmek anlam\u0131nda \u00f6nemlidir. Sunar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman D\u00fcnyada \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce<\/em>\u2019de ortaya konan d\u00f6nemselle\u015ftirmeyi \u0130slam D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Atlas\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda geli\u015ftirilen perspektifin bir devam\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bu ba\u011flamda eserde T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi; ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile gelecek aras\u0131ndaki bir ak\u0131\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme ve etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde, d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck, farkl\u0131 uygarl\u0131k havzalar\u0131n\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00e7evrelerini etkileyen ve onlardan etkilenen, alan ve al\u0131mlayan bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi kavrama \u00e7abas\u0131yla ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Ak\u0131n, T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde modernle\u015fme tarihinin yaz\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201caray\u0131\u015flar d\u00f6nemi\u201d ifadesini kullanman\u0131n bir tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 tercihini de yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekti. Burada Sunar\u2019\u0131n \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede kopu\u015f olmaz\u201d ifadesini ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin tarihsel bir s\u00fcreklili\u011fe muhakkak surette dayanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fiyle ilgili yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurguyu g\u00fcndeme getirerek, son 200 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde kendi i\u00e7erisinde bir hikayesi oldu\u011fu, ancak s\u00fcrekliliklerle beraber kopu\u015flar\u0131n da oldu\u011fu bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Bu ba\u011flamda Ak\u0131n, konu\u015fmada d\u00f6nemselle\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir kronoloji takip etmeyi teklif etti. Buna g\u00f6re Sunar\u2019a, Osmanl\u0131 modernle\u015fmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin olu\u015fumunda hangi konular\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alternatiflerinin meydana geldi\u011fini sordu. Sunar; \u201ckopu\u015flar ve krizler ekseninde de\u011ferlendirilen bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, \u00e7o\u011funlukla temellerin nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011fu, nas\u0131l farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hususlar\u0131n da hangi a\u00e7\u0131dan yeni, hangi a\u00e7\u0131dan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirleme hususunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli sorunlar olu\u015fturuyor\u201d dedi. Bu anlamda Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesi aras\u0131nda -zaman zaman aksi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclse dahi kurumsal a\u00e7\u0131dan, siyasal a\u00e7\u0131dan ve hepsinden \u00f6nemlisi entelekt\u00fcel a\u00e7\u0131dan bir s\u00fcreklilik oldu\u011fu \u00f6rneklerle ifade edildi. \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin baz\u0131 tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 ve betimleyici \u00f6zelliklerine temas eden Sunar, tarih boyunca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde, farkl\u0131 uygarl\u0131klardan \u00f6\u011frenme ve farkl\u0131 sorunlara getirilen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri alma-al\u0131mlama yoluyla ihtiyaca adapte etme konusunda a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funa vurgu yapt\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kopma veya sapma gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen modernle\u015fme maceras\u0131n\u0131 da bir alma-al\u0131mlama s\u00fcreci olarak de\u011ferlendiren Sunar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman entelekt\u00fcellerin modernle\u015fme d\u00f6neminde \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin bu \u00f6nemli hususiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini ve farkl\u0131 uygarl\u0131klardan \u00f6\u011frenmeye ve \u00f6zel olarak da Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenmeye devam ettiklerini ifade etti. S\u00f6z\u00fc Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrk modernle\u015fmesinde kimlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na getiren Ak\u0131n, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndayken Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu ancak ya\u015fanan tarihsel baz\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini etkileyerek, Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n fiiliyatta Tanzimat\u2019tan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan en \u00f6nemli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen tekrar o denli g\u00fcndeme gelmedi\u011fini ifade etti ve pan-\u0130slamist (\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k), pan-T\u00fcrkist (Turanc\u0131l\u0131k) ve Bat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fini ortaya koydu. Ak\u0131n, daha sonraki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerde de etkili oldu\u011funu ifade etti\u011fi bu \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn de bir imparatorluk ufku ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir de\u011ferlendirmesi oldu\u011funu belirtti. Sunar\u2019\u0131n bu konudaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini ve \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131la\u015fma ba\u011flam\u0131nda bir imparatorluk ufku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirece\u011fini sordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sunar, modernle\u015fme d\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin temelde iki soruna cevap arama noktas\u0131nda \u015fekillendi\u011fini ifade etti. Birincisinin mevcut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 modernite ve Bat\u0131 problemi ile y\u00fczle\u015fme, ikincisinin ise Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7inde yo\u011frulmu\u015f \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli, farkl\u0131 bile\u015fenlerle olu\u015fmu\u015f m\u00fcrekkep bir imparatorluk kimli\u011fini, daha homojen ve daha b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc yeni bir kimlikle ifadelendirme sorunu oldu\u011funu belirtti. \u00d6zetle, modernle\u015fme d\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde, bir kimlik olu\u015fturma ve bir tehdit ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma, yani bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi alma-al\u0131mlama ve yeni bir \u015fey \u00fcretme probleminin oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekti. \u201cModernle\u015fmeyle y\u00fczle\u015fme\u201d diye \u00e7ok genel bir bi\u00e7imde ifadelendirilen \u015feyin, esas\u0131nda yeni bir teknik d\u00fcnya ile, yeni bir ili\u015fki evreniyle, ge\u00e7im bi\u00e7imiyle, yeni bir \u00fcretim \u015fekli i\u00e7erisinde \u015fekillenen bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce evrenine tekab\u00fcl etti\u011finin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine de i\u015faret edildi. Nitekim Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin ba\u011flam\u0131, \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve enstr\u00fcmanlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin i\u00e7eri\u011finin de\u011fi\u015fmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olur ve bu ba\u011flamda, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin hedefi imparatorlu\u011fu korumakt\u0131r, ancak o d\u00f6nemki entelekt\u00fceller o imparatorlu\u011fu kuran zeminin art\u0131k ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funun da fark\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in yenilenme ve Me\u015frutiyet fikri g\u00fcndeme gelir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le beraber entelekt\u00fceller aras\u0131nda imparatorlu\u011fu koruma fikrinin irtifa kaybederek ulus-devlet fikrinin yolunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. D\u00f6nemin entelekt\u00fcellerinden olan Ziya G\u00f6kalp\u2019in, alt\u0131 y\u0131l gibi k\u0131sa bir zaman \u00f6nce imparatorlu\u011fu korumak i\u00e7in fikir serdederken 1923\u2019e gelindi\u011finde bir ulus-devlet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 1930\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde ise pek \u00e7ok entelekt\u00fcelin T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti sanki y\u00fcz y\u0131ld\u0131r varm\u0131\u015f gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ortaya koydu\u011fu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tezah\u00fcrlerini bu tarihlerde g\u00f6steren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin asl\u0131nda uzun y\u0131llar alan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131k evresi oldu\u011fu ifade edildi. Moderat\u00f6r Ak\u0131n, Sunar\u2019\u0131n makalesinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131 d\u00f6nemlendirmeye i\u015faret etti: Erken Modernle\u015fme D\u00f6nemi 1860-1923, Ulus \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 D\u00f6nemi 1923-1945, Farkl\u0131la\u015fma D\u00f6nemi 1945-1960, Fraksiyonel \u00c7e\u015fitlenme D\u00f6nemi 1960-1980, \u00c7o\u011fulcula\u015fma D\u00f6nemi 1980-2000 ve son olarak K\u00fcreselle\u015fme D\u00f6nemi 2000-2021. Ak\u0131n Sunar\u2019a, neden Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemini 20 veya 25 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrelerle d\u00f6nemlendirdi\u011fini ve ni\u00e7in bu adland\u0131rmalar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en \u00f6nemli \u00fc\u00e7 tarihin 1923-1960-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 oldu\u011fu konusunda ittifak olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Zira d\u00f6nemlendirme yapmada \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun ya iktisadi ya da siyasi geli\u015fmeleri ve \u00f6zellikle darbeleri esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1960-1980 d\u00f6neminin darbeyle ba\u015flay\u0131p darbeyle bitmesi ve darbelerin siyasi ve ekonomik etkiler meydana getirmesi nedeniyle bir d\u00f6nem olarak herkes taraf\u0131ndan ittifakla kabul edilece\u011fi zikredildi. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Sunar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi yaz\u0131m\u0131nda d\u00f6nemlendirme yapabilmek i\u00e7in \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren \u015feyler nelerdir, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l anlar ve takip ederiz\u201d sorular\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bir fikir olu\u015fturmak gerekti\u011fini ifade etti. Ancak bu noktada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin net ve kesin tarihleri olmay\u0131p zamana yay\u0131lan ve tezah\u00fcrlerini zamanla g\u00f6steren bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutman\u0131n \u00f6nemine de\u011findi. Sunar, bu y\u00fczden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihini \u015fekillendirirken yap\u0131lan tarihlendirmeleri okurlar\u0131n bir miktar \u201cgri b\u00f6lgeler\u201d olarak g\u00f6rmesini rica etti. T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen 1923 tarihli rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n 1926\u2019daki Takr\u00eer-i S\u00fck\u00fbn Yasas\u0131\u2019na kadar s\u00fcrmesi \u00f6rnek verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re 1923-1945 tarihleri, Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki imparatorluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n daha b\u00fcrokratik daha kat\u0131 ve merkezi askeri bir form i\u00e7inde \u015fekillendirildi\u011fi tek parti d\u00f6nemi olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Osmanl\u0131 devletinin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yaralar\u0131n tamir edildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemdir. Ak\u0131n, 1920\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131n\u0131n Almanya, \u0130talya, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi gibi \u00fclkelerde d\u00fcnya genelinde totaliter rejimlerin bulundu\u011funu ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki rejimin d\u00fcnyadan kopuk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek katk\u0131da bulundu. Bu ba\u011flamda Ak\u0131n, o d\u00f6nemi \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki dindarlara yukar\u0131dan bir bask\u0131 uygulan\u0131yor\u201d \u015feklinde g\u00f6rmenin geni\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7eveden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 taraflar\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve kolayc\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m sundu\u011fu \u015feklindeki de\u011ferlendirmesini Sunar\u2019\u0131n nas\u0131l yorumlayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordu ve lisans bitirme tezi olup yay\u0131nlanan Kadro Dergisi<\/em> \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan bahsetmesini istirham etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunar, 1930\u2019larda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bu dergiyi incelerken, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0130talya\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan bir kitaba bir hafta sonra de\u011ferlendirme yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyici buldu\u011funu ifade etti. D\u00fcnyada olan bitene dair diri bir zihin ortaya koyan bu dergide T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u015eevket S\u00fcreyya Aydemir, Vedat Nedimt\u00f6r, \u0130smail H\u00fcsrev Tokin ve Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu gibi \u00f6nemli entelekt\u00fcellerin bulundu\u011funa ve bu dergideki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n CHP i\u00e7inde yank\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131na, tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n parti i\u00e7inde alternatif kar\u015f\u0131t komprestik, devlet\u00e7i ve daha liberal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere zemin olu\u015fturdu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekti. Ayr\u0131ca salt siyasal tarih a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu tarz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel noktalar\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurguland\u0131. Zira bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1945 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u015fiirde, sanatta, e\u011fitimde, siyasette birdenbire tahmin edilemeyecek bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, entelekt\u00fcel ya\u015fam\u0131n siyasal tarihten okunamayacak \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunar, 45-60 d\u00f6nemleri anla\u015f\u0131lmazsa sonras\u0131n\u0131n da anla\u015f\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Ak\u0131n, kendisinin de Sunar\u2019a kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak s\u00f6z edilen \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin genelde 60\u2019lara ait oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylendi\u011fini beyan etti. Bu d\u00f6nemin tek parti iktidar\u0131ndan sonraki d\u00f6nem olmas\u0131, Demokrat Parti\u2019nin iktidara gelmesi, \u00e7e\u015fitliliklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye yans\u0131y\u0131p Kemal Karpat, \u015eerif Mardin gibi T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u00f6nde gelen isimlerinin bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekti. Ak\u0131n, konu\u015fmay\u0131 1960-1980 d\u00f6nemine y\u00f6nlendirerek bu d\u00f6neme \u201cfraksiyonel \u00e7e\u015fitlilik\u201d denilmesi yoluyla asl\u0131nda yeni bir tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti ve konuyla ilgili neler s\u00f6ylenebilece\u011fini sordu. Sunar, fraksiyonel kelimesinin bir yandan da\u011f\u0131lmay\u0131, par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitlenmeyi ifade etti\u011fini ama bir taraftan da fraksiyonlar\u0131n daha yap\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Buradan hareketle 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru sol ve sa\u011f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler i\u00e7inde bir taraftan fraksiyonelle\u015fmenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir taraftan da yap\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve ideolojikle\u015fmi\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kat\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin olu\u015ftu\u011fu ifade edildi. Yani sa\u011f-sol gibi farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imlerinin, birbiri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir de kendi i\u00e7lerinde \u00e7ok ciddi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekildi. Bu nedenle Sunar, 60-80 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin bir taraftan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik i\u00e7erdi\u011fini bir taraftan da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015farak birbirinden kopmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade etti.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan 60-80 d\u00f6neminin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de e\u011fitim geni\u015flemesinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeni \u00fcniversitelerin kuruldu\u011fu, liselerin gittik\u00e7e yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131p artt\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u015fehirle\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise kad\u0131n\u0131n kamusal alanda daha fazla g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha \u00f6nce kamusal alanda tezah\u00fcr etmeyen din\u00ee yap\u0131lar\u0131n bir \u015fekilde alan bulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Ak\u0131n, 1980 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6neme i\u015faret ederek sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u011fil b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Sunar, k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin sosyolojide, \u201cmallar\u0131n, hizmetlerin, insanlar\u0131n ve fikirlerin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131ma girdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem\u201d olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ederek k\u00fcreselle\u015fmeyi sadece ekonomik bir form olarak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini, k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin fikri entelekt\u00fcel ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n da ivme kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem oldu\u011funu ifade etti. Bu anlamda 80 sonras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, mesela son s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettikten sonra s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin fiili olarak tarihe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve sosyalist d\u00fcnyada bir ihtilaf ve \u00e7e\u015fitlenme s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funa yani Avrupa, \u00c7in, Sovyet b\u00f6lgelerinin sosyalizmden koptu\u011funa temas etti. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u0130ran\u2019da, Pakistan\u2019da, Arabistan\u2019da 70\u2019ler boyunca yeniliklerin oldu\u011funa de\u011findi. D\u00fcnyadaki bu de\u011fi\u015fimlerin 80\u2019lerde sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Ancak bu d\u00f6neme T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u00fcreselle\u015fme demenin uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine 2000\u2019lerden sonra yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etti. Bu d\u00f6nemi, T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fun ve \u00e7ok seslilik fenomeninin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Nitekim Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re, darbe ile yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fan bask\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00e7ok ciddi bir \u00e7o\u011fulcula\u015fma do\u011furuyor; giyim-ku\u015fam\u0131n renklenmesi, radyo istasyonlar\u0131, yeni gazeteler, 90\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda internetin hayat\u0131m\u0131za girmesi bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fun kamusal alanda entelekt\u00fcel olarak kendisine alan buldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. 2000\u2019lerde ise k\u00fcreselle\u015fme metaforu \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce okullar\u0131 -hatta en kapal\u0131 gruplar dahi- b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya hitap eden, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadan \u00f6\u011frenen, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyayla etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde olan bir form al\u0131yor. D\u0131\u015fardan etkilenerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya hitap eden bu formun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme oldu\u011funu ifade eden Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ya\u015fam\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta, siyasal ya\u015famda ve toplumsal alanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlara duyarl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce alan\u0131d\u0131r. Ak\u0131n d\u00f6nemle\u015ftirmeyi konu\u015ftuktan sonra Sunar\u2019a T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin sorun alanlar\u0131n\u0131 sordu. Sunar, \u00f6ncelikle T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin bir krizde oldu\u011funa inanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti ve T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin k\u00f6kenlerine, devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mirasa, do\u011fu ile bat\u0131n\u0131n kav\u015fak noktas\u0131nda olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bulundu\u011fu co\u011frafyaya vurgu yapt\u0131. Ancak bunlara bak\u0131larak T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin, potansiyelini imkana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme konusunda baz\u0131 sorunlar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu sorunlar\u0131 yedi ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fini ifade etti. Bunlar; \u201ck\u00f6ken ve s\u00fcreklilik problemi, sentetikle\u015fme sorunu, zay\u0131f tarihsellik, gelenek eksikli\u011fi-gelene\u011fin in\u015fa edilmemi\u015fli\u011fi, pop\u00fclizm sorunu, yabanc\u0131la\u015fma-marjinalle\u015fme ve siyasal kutupla\u015fman\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ya\u015fam\u0131na sirayet etmesi\u201ddir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sorunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin potansiyelini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engeller oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131. \u0130lk olarak k\u00f6ken ve s\u00fcreklilik sorununun 1920\u2019lerde gen\u00e7 Cumhuriyet\u2019in kendisini Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan ay\u0131rma politikas\u0131n\u0131n bir kamusal kopu\u015fu beraberinde getirdi\u011fini ifade etti. Nitekim Sunar, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce gelene\u011findeki yenilenme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygun olarak modern olana ve ba\u015fka medeniyetlerden al\u0131mlamaya a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek, Cumhuriyet\u2019ten sonra olu\u015fan b\u00fcrokratik bask\u0131 ile yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya salt kurumsal bir de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7inde yorumlanmaya ba\u015flanan modernle\u015fmenin, toplumsal ya\u015famda kat\u0131 bir tepkisellik ve kapal\u0131l\u0131k meydana getirdi\u011fini ifade etti. Bunun iki t\u00fcr k\u00f6ken sorunu olu\u015ftu\u011funa i\u015faret etti; muhafazakarl\u0131k ve modernlik. \u0130ki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin de ge\u00e7mi\u015fi donuk ve de\u011fi\u015fmez formlar olarak g\u00f6rmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan onlar\u0131 birbirine benzeten Sunar, bunlardan birinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fi b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle reddederek di\u011ferinin de ge\u00e7mi\u015fi dondurarak bir k\u00f6ken ve s\u00fcreklilik sorunu do\u011furdu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re bu durum, gelene\u011fin in\u015fa edilmemi\u015fli\u011fi ve sentetikle\u015fme gibi ba\u015fka sorunlar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Sentetikle\u015fme, iki unsurun birbirini besleyecek \u015fekilde bir araya gelmemesidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde de\u011fi\u015fim kendi t\u00e2bili\u011finde merkeze al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve hayat\u0131n dinamizmi ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin dinamizmini e\u015fle\u015ftirilemedi\u011finde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi donuk bir \u015fekilde ele alan sentetik form ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu sentetikli\u011fi a\u015fman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yolu, de\u011fi\u015fen ve s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fen bir gelene\u011fin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bahsedilen \u00fc\u00e7 sorunun zay\u0131f bir tarihsellik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile getirildi. Buna g\u00f6re, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tarihin ideolojik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve tarihin kurucu rol\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131yan, tarihle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kurmu\u015f, onunla hesapla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n olmamas\u0131n\u0131n bu zay\u0131f tarihselli\u011fin sonucu oldu\u011fu ve derinlikli, esasl\u0131 bir tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirilmesi yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bahsedilen sorunlar\u0131n hepsinin birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ifade eden Ak\u0131n, Sunar\u2019\u0131n pop\u00fclizm sorunuyla alakal\u0131 yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 sordu. Sunar, \u201cbug\u00fcn pop\u00fclizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, yani otoriteryen liderlerin demokrasiyi ask\u0131ya ald\u0131klar\u0131, kitle imaj\u0131n\u0131 ve alg\u0131y\u0131 y\u00f6netmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 pop\u00fclist bir demokrasi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na girdi\u011fimiz s\u00f6yleniyor\u201d dedi. Sunar\u2019a g\u00f6re, kurulu\u015fundan bug\u00fcne T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu \u00e7a\u011f belki hi\u00e7 kapanmad\u0131. Siyaset zirvede kalma sanat\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in siyasal hayatta bunu tabii kar\u015f\u0131layanlar olabilece\u011fini ama d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7inde pop\u00fclizmin \u00e7ok belirleyici oldu\u011funu ve daha \u00f6nce say\u0131lan etkenlerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. K\u0131ymetli sorular\u0131n soruldu\u011fu ve \u00f6nemli cevaplar\u0131n verildi\u011fi soru-cevap fasl\u0131 ile \u0130LEM TV\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan program sona erdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

26 Ocak 2021 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130LEM TV\u2019nin YouTube kanal\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen canl\u0131 yay\u0131nda, Medeniyet \u00dcniversitesi Sosyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hocalar\u0131ndan Prof. Dr. Mahmut Hakk\u0131 Ak\u0131n moderat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Do\u00e7. Dr. L\u00fctfi Sunar konuk edildi. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[29],"tags":[1120,1126,489,491,1119],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Temel Meseleleri, D\u00f6nemlendirme ve Tasnif - \u0130LEM Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.ilem.org.tr\/cagdas-turk-dusuncesinin-temel-meseleleri-donemlendirme-ve-tasnif\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Temel Meseleleri, D\u00f6nemlendirme ve Tasnif - \u0130LEM Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"26 Ocak 2021 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130LEM TV\u2019nin YouTube kanal\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen canl\u0131 yay\u0131nda, Medeniyet \u00dcniversitesi Sosyoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hocalar\u0131ndan Prof. Dr. Mahmut Hakk\u0131 Ak\u0131n moderat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Do\u00e7. 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