Yazar: Hanife Kalkan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim, zaman i\u00e7erisinde toplumsal bir yap\u0131da meydana gelen farkl\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Toplumsal kurumlarda ve yap\u0131da meydana gelen farkl\u0131la\u015fma makro d\u00fczeyde toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken, toplumsal ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131nda meydana gelen farkl\u0131la\u015fma mikro d\u00fczeyde toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Bir toplumda mikro d\u00fczeyde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6zlemleyebilmek, toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine e\u011filmeyi gerektirmektedir. \u0130LEM Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan Be\u011feniler: G\u00fcndelik Hayatta Toplumsal De\u011fi\u015fimin Yans\u0131malar\u0131 <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitap, toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimi bu mikro boyut \u00fczerinden ele almaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta bireysel bir eylem olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilecek olan \u201cbe\u011feni\u201d eylemi, bu eserde bireysel ve sosyalin kesi\u015fiminde yer alan ve toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimi anlamak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir eylem olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>D\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan ve zaman\u0131n ruhundan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda etkilenen moda anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, be\u011feniler ve toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim konusunun da merkezinde durmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc L\u00fctfi Sunar\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitap, \u0130LEM \u0130htisas Toplum \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Grubunun 2016 Bahar d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir dizi seminer bildirilerinin g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f halidir. Kitapta farkl\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n mekan, m\u00fczik, mahremiyet ve \u00f6l\u00fcm gibi konular\u0131 toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim ve be\u011fenilerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc etraf\u0131nda analiz etti\u011fi alt\u0131 farkl\u0131 yaz\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n ilk makalesinde \u00d6zg\u00fcr Arun \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Be\u011fenilerin Tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel E\u015fitsizlik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla be\u011fenilerin t\u00fcketimi \u00fczerinden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nas\u0131l bir ayr\u0131m ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finmektedir. Be\u011fenilerin farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131yla farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal pozisyonlar\u0131n da g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 \u00fczerinden ilerleyen Arun, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel e\u015fitsizli\u011fin g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131 hangi bi\u00e7imlerde organize etti\u011fini analiz etmektedir. Makalesinin ilk k\u0131sm\u0131nda kuramsal yakla\u015f\u0131mlara de\u011findikten sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel e\u015fitsizli\u011fin g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famdaki yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00fczerinden \u00f6rneklerle ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Televizyon gibi herkes taraf\u0131ndan ula\u015f\u0131labilir bir mecrada be\u011feni k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda hiyerar\u015fik bir ili\u015fki olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ampirik bulgular \u00fczerinden yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bulgulara g\u00f6re, Bourdieu\u2019nun \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131fa ait olan se\u00e7kin be\u011fenilerle orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n karakteri olan ola\u011fan be\u011feniler aras\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k T\u00fcrk televizyonunda kendini g\u00f6stermemektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arun\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f, pop\u00fcler be\u011fenileri t\u00fcketenlere kar\u015f\u0131 belli bir m\u00fcsamaha ile yakla\u015f\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de pop\u00fcler \u00fcr\u00fcnleri t\u00fcketirken geli\u015ftirdikleri ironi, kendilerini di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131ran bariyerler in\u015fa etmektedir. Arun, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi bulgulara dayanarak s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131n basit\u00e7e gelir d\u00fczeylerinden kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel t\u00fcketimlerin de bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirdi\u011fini ifade etmektedir. S\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131m ve be\u011feniler ili\u015fkisinin ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalede, Bourdieu\u2019nun be\u011feniler \u00fczerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikili ayr\u0131ma y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilere ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel t\u00fcketim aktiviteleri \u00fczerinden se\u00e7kin\/s\u0131radan kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>G\u00fcndelik hayatta toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimin yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131n okunabilece\u011fi bir ba\u015fka alan ise mekanlard\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplumsal tabakalar\u0131n t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ampirik bir inceleme sunan di\u011fer bir makalede ise Sunar ve ekibinin T\u00dcB\u0130TAK taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Sosyoekonomik Stat\u00fc Endeksi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n\u201d (113K506) verileri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplumsal e\u015fitsizlikler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, ekonomik etkenler ba\u015fat \u00f6nemde olsa da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farklar da toplumsal e\u015fitsizliklerin artmas\u0131nda etkili olan \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. T\u00fcketim, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat ve ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda belirlemekte ve s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Bu nedenle t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ya\u015fam tarz\u0131, tabakala\u015fmay\u0131 analiz etmede i\u015flevsel bir konumdad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunar ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sosyo-Ekonomik Stat\u00fc (SES) Endeksi geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri ara\u015ft\u0131rma neticesinde bir hanenin sosyoekonomik stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen fakt\u00f6rlerin e\u011fitim, meslek ve gelir oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu tespit \u00fczerinden de t\u00fcketim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve be\u011fenilerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Stat\u00fc ile aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 incelenmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam tarz\u0131, t\u00fcketim al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve be\u011fenileri sahip olduklar\u0131 Sosyo-Ekonomik Stat\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ailece yeme\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kma, tatile \u00e7\u0131kma, d\u00fczenli spor yapma gibi ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren pratikler SES gruplar\u0131na g\u00f6re analiz edildi\u011finde alt tabakadan \u00fcste do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e d\u00fczenli ve anlaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u011fenilerin toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim ile ili\u015fkisi U\u011fur Zeynep G\u00fcven\u2019in makalesinde m\u00fczik tercihleri \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. M\u00fczik tercihlerinin s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ayr\u0131m\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra m\u00fczik tercihleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere zevk ve be\u011fenilerin belirli toplumsal tabakalara g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da mevcuttur. Makalesinin ilk k\u0131sm\u0131nda bu iki sav\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fan G\u00fcven, tarih boyunca toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimi harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015f makro boyuttaki olay ve olgulardan hareketle m\u00fczik ve be\u011fenilerin de\u011fi\u015fimini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde m\u00fczi\u011fin kaydedilebilmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 m\u00fczik t\u00fcrlerini ve tercihlerini \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir. Makalede teknolojik devrim gibi belli ba\u015fl\u0131 toplumsal olgu olaylar neticesinde jazz ve blues tarz\u0131 m\u00fczik, arabesk m\u00fczik ve rock m\u00fczi\u011fin nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, kimler taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde analiz edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcven\u2019in bu analizleri, toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimlerin be\u011feniler \u00fczerinde \u00f6zel olarak da m\u00fczik be\u011feni ve tercihlerinde ne denli \u00f6nemli etkilere sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\u0130LEM Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan Be\u011feniler: G\u00fcndelik Hayatta Toplumsal De\u011fi\u015fimin Yans\u0131malar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitap, toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimi bu mikro boyut \u00fczerinden ele almaktad\u0131r<\/em><\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcndelik hayatta toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimin yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131n okunabilece\u011fi bir ba\u015fka alan ise mekanlard\u0131r. Toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015famda meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fimlerden etkilenen, bununla birlikte toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131 ve ili\u015fkileri \u015fekillendirebilme olana\u011f\u0131na sahip olan mekan, K\u00f6ksal Alver\u2019in \u201cMekan Be\u011fenmek, Hayat Kurmak\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinin ana temas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Sosyolojik muhayyilenin bir kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanan mekan, insanlar\u0131n be\u011feni ve tercihlerini de \u015fekillendiren bir unsur olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan ve zaman\u0131n ruhundan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda etkilenen moda anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, be\u011feniler ve toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim konusunun da merkezinde durmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcketimi, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n kendilerini bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara sahip olmayanlardan ay\u0131rma i\u015flevi \u00fczerinden tan\u0131mlayan be\u011feni literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde moda da bu i\u015flevi yerine getiren bir t\u00fcketim ve be\u011feni unsuru olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Buradan hareketle \u201cMahremiyetin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde Alev Erkilet, tesett\u00fcr\u00fcn modayla ilintili bir be\u011feni konusu haline gelmesini bu ayr\u0131m \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Erkilet, son y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mahremiyet, tesett\u00fcr ve e\u015fitsizlik gibi konular\u0131n alg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler meydana geldi\u011fini ve bu de\u011fi\u015fimin modan\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden okunabilece\u011fini belirtmektedir.  Ala <\/em>ve Aysha<\/em> dergilerini s\u0131n\u0131f-t\u00fcketim ili\u015fkisi \u00fczerinden analiz eden Erkilet, bu dergilerin g\u00f6steri\u015f\u00e7i t\u00fcketim alg\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden al\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 modan\u0131n olmazsa olmaz\u0131 olan t\u00fcketimin kamusal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sevk etti\u011fini aktarmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu gibi dergilerin sundu\u011fu ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hesapla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 oldu\u011funu ancak i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemde bu tavr\u0131n \u00f6nemini yitirdi\u011fini de vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>T\u00fcketim, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat ve ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda belirlemekte ve s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/em><\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n son makalesi olan \u201c\u00d6l\u00fcm Kavram\u0131 Ekseninde Estetik ve Be\u011feni De\u011fi\u015fimleri\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde Adem Sa\u011f\u0131r, gelenekselden moderne ge\u00e7i\u015fte meydana gelen be\u011feni de\u011fi\u015fimlerini \u00f6l\u00fcm rit\u00fcelleri ekseninde ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sunum bi\u00e7imlerine ve buna y\u00f6nelik rit\u00fcellerin zaman i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fi\u015fimine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimi ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131m\u0131 be\u011feniler \u00fczerinden ele alan bu kitap, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn t\u00fcketim toplumunun ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 pratiklerini ve bu ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimini be\u011feniler ve tercihler \u00fczerinden analiz etmek noktas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir kap\u0131 aralamaktad\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ed. L\u00fctfi Sunar, Be\u011feniler: G\u00fcndelik Hayatta Toplumsal De\u011fi\u015fimin Yans\u0131malar\u0131, \u0130stanbul: \u0130lem Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2018, 170 s.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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